[13] The diplomatic note related to the initial firearms charge[14] and the criminal association charge. 970 (1925); the probable cause is sustained if competent evidence to establish reasonable grounds is presented, not necessarily evidence competent to convict. Respondent asserts that Soto lost an eye as a result of the torture used by Mexico to extract his statement[39]. Los narcojuniors . 568 (S.D.N.Y.1979). No. If the drafters of the Treaty had intended the judicial officer to consider the admissibility and weight of the evidence under the law of the requesting party (i.e. We will gather for a memorial service and viewing at 6:00 p.m. Friday, September 6, 2019 followed by a visitation at Lake Ridge Chapel and Memorial Designers. R.Crim.P. During the meeting, the group discussed their plans to kill enemies of their interests, including Amado Carillo, a rival drug trafficker. Finally, the United States submits evidence in the form of statements attributed to Respondent related to the disappearance and murder of Alejandro by the AFO and the organizations efforts to effect a recantation of Alejandro's November 30, 1996 deposition. Mr. Soto was privy to certain events and conversations forming the basis of his knowledge. The videotaped deposition of Alejandro is the only credible evidence to demonstrate the circumstances under which Mexico's evidence was collected. Valdezs attorney said some of the statements were extracted under torture. Fue en una fiesta que conocieron a Emilio Valdez Mainero, hijo de un coronel que fue miebro de los guardias presidenciales. Mr. Soto also provides a physical description of Respondent. [48] Evidence submitted in this regard includes the "recantations" regarding the use of torture to extract statements from the witnesses as well as the alleged abduction of Alejandro. He ended up in the hospital with gunshot wounds he said were inflicted by a member of the Arellano organization. Under United States law, a conspiracy is an agreement among two or more persons to commit a crime. [10] The firearms charge initially asserted by Mexico and related to the events on or about April 13, 1994 appears to have been abandoned. 3187 allow for the provisional arrest and detention of a fugitive in advance of the presentation of formal proofs. Furthermore, the sworn witness statements in the instant case are the type of evidence contemplated by the Treaty to avoid the need for the requesting country to send its witnesses to the requested country to testify at the extradition hearing. 1989), cert. Quines eran los narcojuniors reales de Tijuana? United States v. Kin-Hong, 110 F.3d 103 (1st Cir. de Sicor 1 Acdo. Simmons v. Braun, 627 F.2d 635 (2d Cir.1980). Citations Copy Citation. Soto acknowledges having signed the statement as well as affixing his fingerprints. the arrest dates of Soto and Cruz), is unpersuasive as offered to totally obliterate probable cause under a Contreras analysis. En 1995, su reinado lleg a su fin. The proper authority for the political decision here is, of course, the Secretary of State. Netflix lanz la ltima temporada de Narcos: Mxico, donde adems de los personajes que ya conocemos, hay UNA sorpresa: Bad Bunny. The two perpetrators escaped in a white Volkswagen. Only the criminal association (conspiracy) and murder charges satisfy the dual criminality requirement for extradition. Hodoyan was taken into custody for carrying an AK-47 and some marijuana. The United States has filed videotapes of Alejandro's November 30, 1996 deposition. 290 Brought to you by Free Law Project, . one strange rock gasp quizlet New Lab; glider timetable dundonald park and ride; 12 gauge 100 round drum; While Ruiz provides no direct account of any torture, this information supports a finding that Alejandro was "in custody"[43] along with others and supports an argument that extended detention was involved in the handling of the witnesses by Mexico. You can explore additional available newsletters here. Mr. Valdez was referred to as "El Cabezon", "C.P. In support of its extradition request on the charge of criminal conspiracy, Mexico has provided, among other things, the following sworn, certified and authenticated witness statements which detail Valdez' membership and participation in the Arellano Felix drug trafficking organization: (1) Gerardo Cruz Pacheco aka "Capitan". The papers have provided a behind-the-scenes look at an assassination already widely believed to be the work of the Arellanos. Recanting statements are relevant as they affect probable cause, but a showing that the prior statement is coerced and that indicia of reliability is on a subsequent recantation is the appropriate point of analysis on this issue. 30), he requests discovery regarding the statement by Miranda. 3184, Ward v. Rutherford, 921 F.2d 286, 289 (D.C.Cir.1990) and Rule 74 of the Local Civil Rules of the United States District Court of the Southern District of California. October 21, 1996. ``Take out your AK-47, and you are going to (expletive) him right now.. Fed.R.Evid. The Supplemental Complaint charged Respondent with criminal association under Article 164, paragraph 1 and Article 13, section 2 of the Penal Code for the Federal District. *1214 (3) First Degree Murder of Jesus Gallardo Vigil and Jesus Sanchez Angulo in violation of Article 302; Article 303, Sections I and III, Article 315 and Article 320 of the Penal Code for the Federal District. 777(N.D.Cal.1985). 1274 (1913); Glucksman v. Henkel,221 U.S. 508, 512, 31 S. Ct. 704, 55 L. Ed. The Courts have chosen to defer questions regarding the procedures or treatment that might await an individual on extradition to the executive branch because of its exclusive power to conduct foreign affairs. November 4, 1997. It is alleged that Respondent was involved in criminal activities within the Arellano-Felix drug trafficking organization (hereinafter AFO). *1229 The testimony of the various witnesses, including Miranda and Alejandro provide competent evidence for an assessment of probable cause to believe that the crime of criminal association (conspiracy) has been committed and that Respondent is involved therein. 00:15. Respondent's reliance upon Article 11, Paragraph 3, is misplaced. No charges have been filed against Anaya, and he denies the allegations. Some federal and local officials said the mens statements are not credible because they are clear attempts to land a sweetheart deal. is indoor ice skating safe during covid; most common super bowl final scores; lynette woodard spouse; reelfoot lake fishing guides; emilio valdez mainero. Valdez told Contreras, "Wait for me here and when you see us leave the parking lot in the white Volkswagen, make a wall so that we won't be followed". [41] All of these individuals are described as "prisoners" in the statement. Nobody threatens my brother because the moron who does it, dies."[12]. [42] The response from Mexico indicates that closed proceedings related to General Rebollo are ongoing in Mexico and that Ruiz is a witness therein. These latter efforts resulted in the formulation of the March 3, 1997 "declaration.". [16] Further, it is not the responsibility of this Court to assess the probability that the requesting party will be able to secure a conviction. Mexico takes issue with the March 3, 1997 declaration, noting that it was not signed by the declarant, nor is part of an official proceeding or under penalty of perjury. At the time of the June 30, 1997 hearing, a typed translation of Alejandro's personal notes was offered. emilio valdez mainero. See Reply to Extraditees Response to Extradition Request and Request for Release, Page 8, lines 1-5, inclusive (Docket No. This is in contrast to the September 27, 1996 arrest date noted in the statement to the federal prosecutor. (3) Fausto Soto Miller. 830 (1911). Specifically, their testimony is summarized as follows: A. Gerardo Cruz Pacheco, aka "Capitan," On October 12, 1996 at 1:00 p.m.,[23] Gerardo Cruz Pacheco, aka "Capitan," (hereinafter "Cruz"), made a signed statement before Alma Leticia Lares Tenorio, an agent of the Mexican Federal Public Prosecutor. They are: (1) Ministerial Statement of September 27, 1996, at 1140 a.m. to Maria Isabel Gonzalez Chavez, an agent of the federal prosecutor, in Guadalajara, Mexico; (2) Additional Ministerial Statement of September 27, 1996, at 6:30 p.m. to Maria Isabel Gonzalez Chavez, an agent of the federal prosecutor, in Guadalajara, Mexico; (3) Additional Statement of September 30, 1996, at 9:00 p.m. to Maria Isabel Gonzalez Chavez, an agent of the federal prosecutor in Mexico City, Mexico; and. "El Lobo" tambin fue capturado en los Estados Unidos junto con el tijuanense Emilio Valdez Mainero "El Radioloco", ambos extraditados a Mxico en enero de 1998 y tambin remitidos a Almoloya de Jurez. 2d 455 (1972). By Molly Moore. 3190. The papers have provided a behind-the-scenes look at an assassination already widely believed to be the work of the Arellanos. 1997). The evidence tying Valdez to the murder of Gallardo and Sanchez itself, given the numbers of other individuals involved, supports the criminal association charge. Fabin Martnez remplaz en el cargo a Emilio Valdez Mainero, El CP, y adems compadre de Ramn Arellano Flix, luego que aqul fue arrestado en 1996 en San Diego, California, y condenado a 30 aos de prisin por delitos relacionados con trfico de cocana y herona hacia Estados Unidos. Miranda infuriated his boss by refusing to do the hit because he had plans to go shopping with his family. B. Gustavo Miranda Santacruz On November 19, 1996, Gustavo Miranda Santacruz (hereinafter "Miranda") made a declaration before Assistant United States Attorney, Gonzalo P. Curiel, acting as Mexico's agent pursuant to a request under the mutual Legal Assistance Treaty that exists between Mexico and the United States. In re Sindona,450 F. Supp. United States v. Valdez-Mainero. Elias v. Ramirez,215 U.S. 398, 30 S. Ct. 131, 54 L. Ed. On September 30, 1996, the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of *292 California, acting on behalf of the Republic of Mexico, presented to the Honorable Anthony Battaglia, United States Magistrate Judge, a complaint and a formal extradition request for Emilio Valdez Mainero (hereinafter "Valdez" or "Extraditee"). The statements attributed to Respondent Valdez from the wiretape surveillance,[35] result in a finding that Alejandro's March 3, 1997 declaration and personal notes were contrived and are unreliable. 1462, 1469 (S.D.Tex.1992). The Second Circuit affirmed the denial of the habeas corpus petition. Several days went by before Cruz met with Valdez, Martinez, Contreras and Cabrera. According to testimony given to . You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters. On October 22, 1997, the Court issued an Order directing the United States Attorney to produce photographic evidence referenced in witness statements and related to the issue of the identity of Respondent. His body was found in Osmun Lake in Pontiac on June 7, 2018 but no arrests were made until April 8 of this year. View phone numbers, addresses, public records, background check reports and possible arrest records for Emilio Valdez. The contours do not lend themselves, nor invite the type of inquiry required to evaluate the humanitarian concerns of the magnitude suggested by Respondent. As described herein, the Court does find that the Republic of Mexico has met the documentary and timeliness requirements of the Treaty. Curreri v. Vice, 77 F.2d 130, 132 (9th Cir.1935); Eain v. Wilkes, 641 F.2d 504, 510 (7th Cir.1981), cert. The certified documents submitted by Mexico, including the statements of Cruz, Miranda, Soto, Vasquez and Alejandro are admitted into evidence in accordance with Article 10(6) of the subject Treaty and 18 U.S.C. Gonzalo Curiel was made by Emilio Valdez Mainero in a bugged conversation with a convicted cocaine trafficker and government informant . 2d 476 (1968), is also unpersuasive in this regard. (2) Gustavo Miranda Santacruz. In the Matter of the Extradition of Contreras,800 F. Supp. 000012 dated January 3, *1213 1997. 1280 (D.Mass.1997) but reversed on appeal. In fact, Respondent urges the Court to dismiss this proceeding stating that the Mexican Attorney General's office held back these statements because of their negative impact on the probable cause analysis. In September of 2002, a Judge of the Federal Penal Processes in Mexico State found El Lobo, La Piedra and El Capitan guilty, and sentenced them all to . [38] Specifically, Cruz was charged with homicide and Soto was charged with possession of various *1224 weapons, and a narcotics related offense (possession of marijuana). [5] This Declaration is filed in Case No. There is no credible evidence supporting the authenticity of this summary of testimony in the closed investigation in Mexico. The certificate is forwarded to the Department of State. Miranda also identifies Respondent as the person depicted in various photographs reference as numbers 53, 54, 55, 73 and 74. denied, 398 U.S. 903, 90 S. Ct. 1688, 26 L. Ed. 777 (N.D.Cal.1985). The various activities included a number of incidents of transportation of illegal drugs and homicide. En una de las fiestas conocieron a Emilio Valdez Mainero, quien era hijo de un coronel que fue miembro de los guardias presidenciales, cuando existan. The Miranda statement provides competent evidence to support a finding of probable cause that Valdez was involved in the Gallardo and Sanchez murders of April 9, 1996. They are: (1) The Statement of October 12, 1996 at 1:00 a.m. in Mexico City; and. The court, for reasons explained below, grants the petition, finding the detainee extraditable. *1225 Seargent Ruiz' statement appears to confirm Soto's statement that he was arrested prior to the September 27, 1996 date set forth in the statements made to the Mexican authorities. Among the young people recruited by Mexican drug trafficking were Emilio Valdez Mainero, son of a presidential guard, Alfredo . For the reasons set forth in footnote 32 an extended analysis of the recantation is not set forth, nor is the recantation viewed any differently than those of Cruz and Soto. Quinn v. Robinson, 783 F.2d 776, 789, 790 (9th Cir.1986). United States District Court, S.D. 24). Respondent does not dispute that the Treaty requirements have been met with regard to these items with three exceptions. Support for its origin is suggested from a New York Times article[40]. Certainly, the decision to act upon this type of evidence rests upon some indicia of authenticity and reliability. The law limits extradition to circumstances where the Treaty is in full force and effect. QUIERE LIBERTAD, DEBE VIDAS. Si te preguntas quines son en la vida real los llamados narcojuniors de Narcos Mxico, serie de Netflix, se trata de al menos tres de los jvenes de familias acomodadas en Tijuana, Baja California, que se involucraron en temas de drogas y en especial con el Crtel de los Arellano Flix.Entre ellos, El Kitty Arturo Everardo Pez y los hermanos Hodoyan. The Ruiz statement also describes the "detention" of Alejandro and Francisco Cabrera Castro, aka "Piedras". Concerning the murder and firearms charge, it is alleged that on April 9, 1996, at approximately 9:30 p.m., in the restaurant at the Holiday Inn in Toluca, Mexico, Jesus Gallardo Vigil, aka "El Bebe", (hereinafter "Gallardo"), and Jesus Sanchez Angulo (hereinafter "Sanchez") were shot and killed by Respondent and Fabian Martinez Gonzalez, aka "Tiburon", (hereinafter "Martinez"). In response to this evidence, Valdez offers statements of Gabriel Valdez, Marci Ramirez Marin de Gonzalez and Eva Marin viuda de Pena. 3184, et seq., in order to extradite the Respondent, the United States, on behalf of the Republic of Mexico, must establish that: (1) The judicial officer is authorized to conduct extradition proceedings; (2) The court has jurisdiction over the respondent; (3) The applicable treaty is in full force and effect; (4) The crimes for which surrender is sought are included within the terms of the treaty; and. Mr. Vasquez states that the individuals acted suspiciously and carried long and short range firearms. [41] The statement of Francisco Cabrera Castro, aka "Piedras" is offered in the Extradition of Alejandro Hodoyan Palacios, 96mg1828 AJB. 1103. 611 (S.D.N.Y.1985). There is no evidence to suggest that the United States no longer honors the treaty or that its purpose and intent are no longer served. The statements of three admitted members of the organization are contained in extradition papers for Emilio Valdez Mainero, an alleged Arellano henchman arrested in the United States. Fausto Soto Miller presented Get free access to the complete judgment in MATTER OF EXTRADITION OF MAINERO, (S.D.Cal. According to testimony given to Mexican authorities, the Arellanos _ led by brothers Benjamin, Ramon, Javier and Francisco _ have been able to coordinate major assassinations with the aid of the attorney general of Baja California, Jose Luis Anaya Bautista. As more clearly established by case law, the Court should not usurp the constitutional authority of the State Department in this respect. Mr. Valdez became a top operative in the organization, arranging drug . In the Matter of Extradition of Emilio Valdez Mainero,950 F. Supp. Respondent's request for discovery is denied. 526/2019. Valdez _ the godfather of one of the Arellanos children _ was arrested in September in Coronado, Calif. An extradition hearing began Thursday for Valdez and another man. When the two cars arrived at the Holiday Inn in Toluca, Valdez got out of the white Volkswagen and told Contreras, "Be, cautious, wait for me here and when you see us going out from the parking lot in the white Volkswagen, you should form a `wall' so that we cannot be followed.". [23] Cruz made several statements relative to this matter. 253 (1910); Rice v. Ames,180 U.S. 371, 21 S. Ct. 406, 45 L. Ed. No mention of torture or physical abuse is made. Cruz declared that in April 1996, he received a message from Martinez instructing him to meet at the Glorieta del Angel at 6:00 p.m. At that location, Cruz met with Valdez, Martinez and Contreras. Respondent had indicated that a recantation by Vasquez would be filed, but no such document has been offered in evidence in this case. Mexican law defines murder (or homicide) as taking the life of another (Article 302). 448 (1901). Miranda also declared that Valdez had told him he and Fabian Reyes Partida, aka "Domingo", (hereinafter Reyes) had assassinated Jesus Romero Magana because he was investigating Valdez' criminal activity. In the instant case, Mexico has submitted, inter alia, sworn declarations of percipient witnesses and accomplices to the crimes alleged against Valdez. The interviews of Alejandro in the United States confirm the uncoerced willingness of Alejandro to provide testimony concerning the criminal activities of the AFO and Respondent's role therein. Background. 96-1798-M. United States District Court, S.D. ``When they want to do a job _ when they want to bring down the hammer _ they can do it with brilliance and genius, Lupsha said. Miranda declared that Valdez and Martinez committed the murder of Gallardo. (4) Preparatory Statement of October 2, 1996, at 6:00 p.m. before the District Judge of the Federal Criminal Proceedings in the State of Mexico, at the Federal Center for Social Rehabilitation Number 1, in Judicial Proceedings Courtroom Number One. In Matter of Extradition of Pazienza,619 F. Supp. emilio valdez mainerospiral pattern printing in c. phillies front office salaries Martinez instructed Contreras and Cruz to drive a navy blue Cutlass to the Holiday Inn in Toluca. 896 (S.D.Cal.1993). ("Miranda") In his November 19, 1996 declaration, Miranda states that he knows the Arellano Felix brothers. I Background. The signs of injury included 16 irregularly circular scars, 17 circular scars and 3 small scars on the chest as well as a hematoma to the upper base of the nose and a circular bruise on the right chin. The physical description of Emilio Valdez Mainero, "El C.P." or "Cabeza de Perro," is the following: 30 years old, 1.77 or 1.76 meters, heavy build, white skin, short straight hair which . Miranda's statement was given to an officer of this Court. Discovery is not available in extradition proceedings. Mr. Vasquez testified based upon his acquaintance and interaction with Respondent and his involvement in the events he describes. Emilio Valdez passed away Saturday, August 31, 2019. *1215 The sufficiency of the evidence (i.e., probable cause) will be discussed hereinafter. Respondent also challenges compliance with the Treaty, and urges his release in these proceedings, relative to the "late filing" of certified documents in this case. Collins v. Loisel,259 U.S. 309, 316, 42 S. Ct. 469, 66 L. Ed. According to the allegations, earlier on April 9, 1996, Valdez, Martinez, and Isaac Contreras Ayala, aka "Calaco", (hereinafter "Contreras") were awaiting the arrival of Gerardo Cruz Pacheco, aka "Capitan", (hereinafter "Cruz") at the Glorieta del Angel. 956 (1922), In re Locatelli,468 F. Supp. Los jvenes que cayeron en las garras de los hermanos Arellano Flix fueron: Emilio Valdez Mainero, hijo de un guardia presidencial, Alfredo Hodoyan Palacios, hijo de un empresario, Eduardo Len, los hermanos Endir y Henain Meza Castaos, Gustavo Miranda Santa Cruz y Fabin Martnez. Terlinden v. Ames,184 U.S. 270, 22 S. Ct. 484, 46 L. Ed. In Bruton, the Supreme Court held that the admission of a co-defendant confession at a joint trial violates the defendants right to confrontation if the confession also incriminates the defendant. If reliable, the recantations and the Ruiz statement would be evidence which would undermine the voluntariness of the statements offered by Mexico in their case in chief, and as a result, the evidence in support of probable cause for extradition. A few seconds passed and then he saw the white Volkswagen speed out of the parking lot. The Court finds that the videotapes do show a cooperating witness. Otro de los reclutados fue Alfredo Hodoyan Palacios, quien era hijo de un empresario prominente en Tijuana. Respondent was afforded due process with a full opportunity to review and respond to the supplemental materials. 956 (1922). Valdez was a 2016 graduate of Warren Mott High School who had moved to Pontiac. 448 (1901). LOS NARCOJUNIORS. The indicia of reliability is clearly on the November 30, 1996 deposition offered in Mexico's case in chief. No precise authority is offered in regard to this premise. 5.1 is without authority and is unavailable in any event under prevailing authority. Peryea v. United States,782 F. Supp. The document is not authenticated. Valdez was ordered detained following arraignment. While the motion was denied, the Court did find good cause to order the production of further evidence described by the United States in its responsive papers as becoming available since the June 30, 1997 extradition hearing. Date published: Mar 20, 2013. mayo 9, 2022. There is no evidence, however, in this regard. He states that the reason that Gallardo was murdered was because he had allowed "Chapo Guzman" into the territory of Tijuana to deal drugs and push out Benjamin Arellano Felix. denied, 454 U.S. 894, 102 S. Ct. 390, 70 L. Ed. Jhirad v. Ferrandina, 536 F.2d 478 (2d Cir.1976). "El Mon" y "El Kitty" se la pasaban en fiestas, en las que Arellano invitaba a los asistentes, en una conocieron a Emilio Valdez Mainero, hijo de un coronel miembro de los guardias presidenciales de aqul entonces. Otros de los jvenes reclutados tambin fueron personificados en Narcos Mxico 3, por ejemplo Emilio Valdez Mainero, hijo de un guardia presidencial, quien conoci a Ramn Arellano en una . EMILIO VALDEZ MAINERO was represented by retained counsel Michael Pancer. Augustin also indicates that Alejandro told him that the Mexican officers intended to torture and kill Alfredo Hodoyan Palacios should he be extradited to Mexico. Mar. January 1997: Hodin Gutierrez Rico, a . Valdez and Martinez then fled the Holiday Inn in the white Volkswagen. See footnote 10. In fact, it is the United States, on behalf of the Republic of Mexico, that is the moving party in this proceeding, pursuant to the subject Treaty. D. Gilberto Vasquez Culebro, aka "Cachuchas" On September 30, 1996, Gilberto Vasquez Culebro (hereinafter "Vasquez") gave a statement to Jose Luis Juarez Garcia, an agent of the Mexican federal public prosecutor in Mexico City, Mexico. narcoseries Netflix. [48] Authority for this proposition is gathered from dicta in some case law in that there is no direct authority for this proposition. There is no authority that exists that requires a magistrate judge to authorize compelled disclosures of explanatory information. As a result, the Court finds Treaty compliance in this respect and denies Respondent's request for release on this basis. While 3188 requires the United States to deliver a person committed for extradition to a foreign government within two months, that provision has no application to the proceedings in this case, at this stage, as commitment does not occur prior to the certification of the Respondent's extraditability by the Court. Respondent asserts that the Treaty in this instance is invalid due to changed circumstances. This resulted in the arrest of Valdez on September 30, 1996. Criminal activity is defined as those who agree to or plan the crime, commit the crime themselves and/or commit the crime jointly with others (Article 13, Sections 1 through 3, inclusive). The two cars stopped in the village of San Mateo Atenco. 1462, 1464 (S.D.Tex.1992). [22] The individuals related to this case are often referred to in the evidence by nicknames. Article 3 of the Treaty says, in part: In this case, that means as defined in federal law. In Zanazanian, the Ninth Circuit held that police reports which summarize the statements of witnesses are competent evidence, *1227 even though the same documents would be inadmissible hearsay in other contexts. This document is submitted to be from the files in the prosecution of General Gutierrez Rebollo, by the Republic of Mexico, in Mexico. Fue en una fiesta que conocieron a Emilio Valdez Mainero, hijo de un coronel que fue miebro de los guardias presidenciales. The court has jurisdiction over the Respondents if they are before the court. [13] The documents themselves do not have to filed in court by the 60 day period, only received by the United States. Los narcojuniors reales de Tijuana. Pursuant to an extradition treaty between Mexico and the United States, Treaty 31 UST 5059, TIAS 9656 ("Treaty"), and under federal laws supplementing and implementing such treaties, 18 U.S.C. at 1450-1451. Fernandez v. Phillips,268 U.S. 311, 45 S. Ct. 541, 69 L. Ed. 1992); Fed.R.Evid. Article 11, itself, cites that urgency to arrest and detain an individual supports this initial procedure. The Court may act upon unsworn statements of absent *1223 witnesses, although they could not have been received by the judge under the law of the state in a preliminary examination. 1462, 1464 (S.D.Tex. 18 U.S.C. EMILIO VALDEZ MAINERO (hereinafter "Valdez" or "Respondent") [1] is accused by Mexico of having been involved with or committing various crimes in violation of . Simmons v. Braun, 627 F.2d 635, 636 (2d Cir.1980). California. Quines son los narcojuniors en los que est basada la historia . It was at one of the celebrations that they met Emilio Valdez Mainero, the son of a colonel who was once a member of the presidential guards.Later they contacted Alfredo Hodoyan Palacios, who was the son of a wealthy businessman from the city.Alfredo had been born and studied in USA, so it was easier for the drug to pass through the border without generating suspicion. United States ex rel Sakaguchi v. Kaulukukui, 520 F.2d 726, 730-731 (9th Cir.1975).
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