Pacemakers are common among Emergency Department patients. Causes include increased stimulation threshold at electrode site (exit block), poor lead contact, new bundle branch block or programming problems. The most common insertion site for the pacemaker wires is through the subclavian vein using a blind insertion technique. by | Jun 29, 2022 | youth wrestling camps 2021 | como se llamaba la mujer encorvada de la biblia | Jun 29, 2022 | youth wrestling camps 2021 | como se llamaba la mujer encorvada de la biblia If your institution subscribes to this resource, and you don't have a MyAccess Profile, please contact your library's reference desk for information on how to gain access to this resource from off-campus. Results in decreased or absent pacemaker function. If no pacemaker spikes are seen on the ECG, a component of the system (i.e., generator, battery, or leads) has failed. Allergic reactions to the metal components of the pacemaker have been noted in the past. An ECG is a helpful initial test in determining the cause of pacemaker malfunction. Alternatively, it may be sensing a normal T wave as a QRS complex if the QRS complexes are small in amplitude. A 12-lead electrocardiogram of a single-chamber or ventricular pacemaker. If not, the underlying rhythm and PR interval of an intrinsic cardiac beat can be readily established (Figure 34-1A). . Caused by retrograde p waves being sensed as native atrial activity with subsequent ventricular pacing. The interrogator, in consultation with the patient's Cardiologist, may have the capability of changing the threshold setting on the device to resolve certain problems and negating the need for admission.10. Griffin JC, Schuenemeyer TD, Hess KR, et al: Pacemaker follow-up: its role in the detection and correction of pacemaker system malfunction. Recent pacemakers contain crucial information such as the range of heart rate, percentage of pacing, intracardiac ECG recordings as well as arrhythmia logs.9 The pacemaker can be interrogated to obtain generator life, lead integrity, false discharges, undersensing, and oversensing. The QRS configuration of the fusion beat is different from the paced QRS morphology and the intrinsic cardiac QRS morphology. In most cases, this blanking period allows the device to avoid showing the pacing artifact on the ECG. The pacemaker is sensing Lead II, and has correctly marked the patients own or native beats (top arrows). The rescue crew finds her weak, pale and diaphoretic, with a pulse rate of 30 bpm. If you start seeing paced spikes during normal cardiac activity, this means the pacemaker isnt sensing myocardial depolarization and thus is failing to sense (or under-sensing) the native rhythm! The pacemaker makes continuous analyzes of atrial activity to assess whether it needs to change settings. exercise). Electrical capture will result in a QRS complex with a T wave after each pacer spike. #mc_embed_signup { Cardiac sonography and placing a finger on the patient's neck to assess the pulse are alternatives. Occasionally, but rarely, a brand-specific magnet may be required to evaluate a pacemaker. Provide supportive care until the pacer can be upgraded to one that restores AV synchrony, such as changing a single-chamber pacer to a dual-chamber pacer. Learn more about our submission and editorial process on the, The Top Five Changes Project: 2015 AHA guidelines on CPR + ECC update infographic series. Advance the wire slowly, monitoring the ECG and the pacer sensing light. Unipolar pacing involves a relatively large electrical circuit. Stimulation of the diaphragm may be caused by perforation of the right ventricular wall by the pacing wire and can occur with very few complications. The morphology is similar to that of the intrinsic QRS complex (Figure 34-1D). Please review before submitting. It is not an exhaustive list. With pacing artifact, the wave may look like a wide QRS, or it may look bizarre. This potentially life-threatening malfunction of older-generation pacemakers is related to low battery voltage (e.g. The device interrogation by the industry representative or a cardiology technician is a vital part of the Emergency Department evaluation of a patient presenting with symptoms that might be attributed to the pacemaker. PMT is a re-entry tachycardia in which the pacemaker forms the antegrade pathway with retrograde conduction occurring via the AV node. font-weight: normal; A chronic rise in threshold can be related to fibrosis around the tip of the lead, causing lack of capture or intermittent capture. If you found this useful, stay tuned for Part 3: Okay enough on Pacemakers, lets talk ICDs and CRT. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The pacemaker is under-sensing the rhythm. Other methods to terminate this rhythm include a precordial thump, reprogramming the pacemaker, and cutting the leads as they exit the pacemaker generator. The pacemaker is over-sensing the rhythm. If the intrinsic cardiac electric activity is above the programmed rate, no pacemaker spike should be seen on the ECG. Multiple causes including electrode displacement, wire fracture, electrolyte disturbance, MI or exit block. The pulse oximeter and ETCO2 monitor . arm twitching) depending on extent of lead migration. Examine the current ECG and determine the electrical axis of the pacemaker spike, the electrical axis of the QRS complex, and the morphology of the QRS complex. Pacemaker activity without a magnet applied. The terminal electrodes are at the distal end of the pacing wires and are designated as unipolar or bipolar. mrcool vs lennox. This misfiring leads to pacing at an inappropriately fast rate. Transcutaneous pacemakers often show artifact after the spike. The majority of permanent pacemakers seen in the ED will have leads in the RV and have a LBBB pattern. After successful cardioversion to a sinus rhythm, each subject will be transcutaneously paced to mechanical capture in both pacer pad positions. The lower the sensitivity setting, the more readily it will detect a subtle signal. The 4 steps are summarized nicely into an algorithm in the above infographic. Anything that influences the rate and rhythm of occurrence of an activity or process. The positive electrode encompasses the metallic pacemaker case, located in the . Increased structural demands deriving from reduced device size and more active recipients require detailed knowledge of in vivo mechani Share, teach, and receive feedback. They found the discordant STE > 5mm to be the most useful criteria (specificity 99%, sensitivity 10%). If the pacemaker spikes occur at less than the programmed rate, the battery may be depleted or the set rate has been changed. Thrombus formation in the right atrium and/or right ventricle can result in pulmonary emboli and hemodynamic compromise. This is part 2 of a 3 part series. . A permanent pacemaker is inserted prophylactically when intrinsic cardiac rhythms can degenerate to higher-degree blocks or in patients who may develop symptoms in the near future even though the initial presentation was asymptomatic. Schematic of typical electrocardiographic beats. The T wave is usually in the opposite direction of the QRS. The Sgarbossa criteria were developed from the GUSTO-1 trial in 1996. This indicates that the failure to pace the myocardium in a patient with bradycardia is due to oversensing. failure to pace occurs when the pacemaker fails to initiate an electrical stimulus when it should fire, is noted by absence of pacer spikes on the rhythm strip . The runaway pacemaker is a rare medical emergency in which rapid pacer discharges occur above its preset upper limit. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Sgarbossa E, Pinski S, Gates K, Wagner G. Early electrocardiographic diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the presence of ventricular paced rhythm. Ensure mechanical capture is present by confirming a pulse that matches the set pacemaker rate by palpation, echocardiogram, pulse oximetry, or arterial waveform. Now, here are 4 steps that you can add to your regular approach whenever you see a paced ECG. It is a hybrid of the paced and intrinsic QRS complex morphology. There will be no T wave following the QRS. The magnetic field causes the reed switch to close, bypass the sensing amplifier, and temporarily convert the pacemaker into the asynchronous (VOO or DOO) mode (Figure 34-5). The character position is labeled in Roman numerals I through V. The first letter designates the chamber(s) in which pacing occurs. NB. A Cardiologist should always be consulted regarding a patient with an actual or a potential pacemaker problem. Pacemaker rhythms: Normal pacemaker function. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. If your intrinsic cardiac rhythm is appropriate, your pacemaker should just sit back and relax. } check power, battery and connections. It may be free-floating within the ventricle or may have perforated the ventricular wall. A. Lets shift our focus to the ECG, and hopefully well discover some pearls to help us with these troublesome devices. Increase the current until a QRS and T wave are seen and peripheral pulses match the TCP rate. Thrombosis of the vein (e.g., subclavian or cephalic) containing the pacemaker lead occurs commonly, but rarely causes clinical symptoms. par | Juin 23, 2021 | motion to substitute counsel immigration court sample | cris crash login select agency | Juin 23, 2021 | motion to substitute counsel immigration court sample | cris crash login select agency If the generator is pacing intermittently, the magnet may not be directly over the pacemaker generator. To have a designation other than O, the pacemaker must be a dual-chamber system. LBBBs can make detecting ischemia tricky. Hayes DL, Vlietstra RE: Pacemaker malfunction. This is failure to pace (FTP). This way you wont get distracted by a wide QRS following a pacing spike and miss something like ST elevation. 1 Studies involving open-chest and transvenous pacing, as well as open-chest cardiac massage, were occurring simultaneously by other groups. When they arrive at the hospital, the patient is still pale and diaphoretic and her BP is 90/50. hydrangea pink avalanche 29th June 2022. It's a common choice among paramedics. during surgery). Gregoratos G, Cheitlin MD, Conill A, et al: ACC/AHA guidelines for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Pacemaker Implantation). Schuller H, Brandt J: The pacemaker syndrome: old and new causes. It is important to note that this diagnostic dilemma will often still require the help of our cardiology colleagues. The previous pacemaker essentials post details management of pacemaker-mediated tachycardia and other tachyarrhythmias. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Call Us Today! After advancing the wire about 15 cm, set the pacemaker to "asynchronous" mode, set the rate at 80, and put the output at max (20 mA). You say about large P waves being an issue for oversensing which I can only assume you mean for crosstalk right (being sensed in the V). . The initial evaluation begins with a complete history. Perform a magnet examination of the pacemaker. I have to say I havent read all of this but the content makes me cringe at times Ed, just reading about under/oversensing. Oversensing is the inappropriate inhibition of the pacemaker due to its sensing of signals that it should otherwise ignore. Schematic of an electrocardiographic monitor strip demonstrating pacemaker-mediated tachycardia. If this fails, emergent surgical intervention to disconnect or cut the leads in the pacemaker pocket is necessary. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. how to assess mechanical capture of pacemaker why does snake eyes take a vow of silence. Over-sensing = less pacing spikes than you need while under-sensing = more. PMT is a reentry dysrhythmia commonly precipitated by a PVC in a patient with a dual-chamber pacemaker. After insertion, the unit is programmed and tested. Maloy K, Bhat R, Davis J, Reed K, Morrissey R. Sgarbossa Criteria are Highly Specific for Acute Myocardial Infarction with Pacemakers. the untamed album cover. Since this is the case, cant we just use Sgarbossa if were concerned for MI in a pacemaker patient? Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al: ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 guideline update for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices) developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. This div only appears when the trigger link is hovered over. Obtain posteroanterior and lateral chest radiographs if the patient is stable. The wires are inserted through the subclavian vein or, less commonly, through the cephalic vein and into the right side of the heart. The patient is a 68-year-old male with chest pain. Pacing failure:This ECG shows a ventricular paced rhythm with intermittent failure to capture: There is a rapid ventricular-paced rhythm (120 bpm) with no evidence of preceding atrial activity (except for the first complex). Failure to capture occurs when a pacemaker pulse is given, but the impulse is unable to depolarize non-refractory myocardial tissue. display: inline; If this mechanism is not present, for instance if the monitor being used is not part of the pacemaker device, the pacer artifact will show up immediately after the spike. A block in the heart's electrical conduction system or a malfunction of the heart's natural pacemaker (the SA node) can cause a heart dysrhythmia. #mc-embedded-subscribe-form input[type=checkbox] { } Pectoral muscle stimulation is less common with the currently available bipolar pacemakers. Constituent parts of a pacemaker Generator and leads Generator. This means it is not sensing the native rhythm correctly and will kick in when it shouldnt. Failure to capture occurs when paced stimulus does not result in myocardial depolarisation. Artifact can trigger the pulse and rate indicators on the monitor, showing a rate faster than the actual heart rate. The patient should not be taking aspirin in the immediate postimplantation period unless authorized and/or prescribed by the Cardiologist. An error has occurred sending your email(s). R on T can cause ventricular tachycardia or Torsade de Pointes which we usually like to avoid. For example, a DDD can switch to DDI if there is atrial fibrillation. In other words, it indicates that there is enough energy in the spike to overcome the stimulation threshold. Discordant STE > 5mm is the most useful Sgarbossa criteria to rule in ischemia. The Golden Rule highlighted at the top of this infographic is the most important take home message. Leads. He could. Leads come in two varieties: active or passive. 1. The clinician must monitor and assess for both . Sobel RM, Donaldson PR, Dhruva N: Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia: management by pacemaker interrogation/reprogramming in the ED. Request product info from top EMS CPR & Resuscitation companies. Thanks for reading! 5. Do Not Sell My Personal Information. how to assess mechanical capture of pacemaker. If the limb electrodes are located near the pacing electrodes, move them as far away as possible on the limbs. Do Not Sell My Personal Information, If you need further help setting your homepage, check your browsers Help menu, Pacing Artifact May Masquerade as Capture, Transcutaneous Pacemaker: Failure to Capture and False QRS Artifact, Transcutaneous Pacing (TCP): The Problem of False Capture, Open the tools menu in your browser. If the patient is unresponsive, slow the pacemaker to look for the presence of ventricular fibrillation, which can be masked by TCP artifact. Perform a thorough examination of the patient. The application of the magnet over the pacemaker generator can have a variety of results. By submitting your information, you agree to be contacted by the selected vendor(s) Grant assistance for ZOLL Ventilation products at no cost, Learn to distinguish and verify electrical and mechanical capture when using a transcutaneous pacemaker on a patient with symptomatic bradycardia. Several types of pacemaker associated dysrhythmias can occur including pacemaker-mediated tachycardia (PMT), sensor-induced tachycardia, runaway pacemaker, pacemaker-mediated Wenckebach AV block and lead dislodgement dysrhythmia. The failure of pacemaker output is detected by the lack of pacing activity (i.e., pacer spikes) on the ECG in a patient with a heart rate lower than the programmed rate. Ti Ph Printing l n v hng u v dch v cung cp my in vn phng, mc my in. The purpose of the following steps is to provide the emergency physician with a simple way to approach pacemaker malfunction. But youre still pretty happy since:You 1, pacemaker 0. This can be dangerous if you get an impulse on the tail end of a T wave, which can result in R on T phenomenon. Still, it can help us develop a differential diagnosis when we are dealing with potential pacemaker malfunction. Griffin J, Smithline H, Cook J: Runaway pacemaker: a case report and review. However, in older people, this . Modern pacemakers are programmed to allow increased heart rates in response to physiological stimuli such as exercise, tachypnoea, hypercapnia or acidaemia. Intermittent fracture of leads, poor electrodegenerator connection, breaks in the insulation of the leads, external electromagnetic interference, or radiofrequency interference can also cause this malfunction. Moses HW, Moulton KP, Miller BD, et al: 2. The pacer spike is seen immediately preceding the QRS complex. Minor chronic changes in the pacemaker rate of one or two beats per minute can occur in some patients. Become familiar with the "four faces" of DDD pacing. The AVEIR VR leadless pacemaker has an active helical fixation which uses a screw-in mechanism designed for chronic retrieval 1,2*, a battery projected to last up to twice as long as current VR leadless pacemakers based on ISO standard settings 1,3** and mapping capabilities designed to help reduce the number of repositioning attempts. Terms of Use The general range of sensitivity for a normal pacemaker box is 0.4-10mV for the atria, and 0.8-20mV for the ventricles. Fortunately, all modern pacemakers are programmed to prevent discharges at rates above a set limit, usually 180 beats per minute.13. how to assess mechanical capture of pacemaker Saturday/Sunday CLOSED. If you have mechanical capture, the pulse ox waveform should show definite pulses and the patient's ETCO2 should increase because of increased perfusion. However, the pacemaker spike is very small on the ECG, so if the cardiac monitor you're using has a "paced" mode, select it so you can more easily see the pacemaker spike (see Figure 4). Emergency Physician in Prehospital and Retrieval Medicine in Sydney, Australia. In some instances, the infection has been treated successfully with vancomycin or other parenteral antibiotics and the pacemaker did not require removal. All rights reserved. Mechanical capture manifests with signs of improving cardiac output such as an increased level of consciousness or blood pressure. Management includes the application of a magnet, Valsalva maneuvers, transcutaneous pacing, and various isometric pectoral exercises. These cookies do not store any personal information. The most common mode for a pacemaker is VVI. The pacemaker electrode becomes endothelialized in a few weeks postimplantation. They most often occur at stress points adjacent to the pacemaker or just under the clavicle as the pacing wire enters the subclavian vein. If it does not, this is failure to pace (FTP)! Look carefully in each lead to make sure youre not missing a subtle paced spike! This is the ability to noninvasively change the functional and diagnostic parameters of the pacing system by coded commands transmitted to the pacemaker from a programmer. Complications long island high school colors and mascots. Copyright 2023 Three primary problems can occur with a pacemaker, these problems include failure to pace failure to capture, and failure to sense. Instead, the thinking goes, use transcutaneous pacing to increase the heart rate without the ill effects of atropine. Capture threshold This is the minimum pacemaker output required to stimulate an action potential in the myocardium. Bidirectional Telemetry. Special interests in diagnostic and procedural ultrasound, medical education, and ECG interpretation. how to assess mechanical capture of pacemaker bunker branding jobs oak orchard fishing report 2021 June 29, 2022 superior rentals marshalltown iowa 0 shady haven rv park payson, az Reduced sizes of implantable cardiac pacemakers and clinical advances have led to a higher feasibility of using such devices in younger patients including children. 1. 9. Prophylactic antibiotics are required only in the first few weeks after permanent pacemaker implantation. This indicates that the atria or ventricle have been captured and depolarization has occurred. Failure to pace is noted by a lack of the pacemaker spike on the ECG and the failure to deliver a stimulus to the myocardium when there is a pause in the intrinsic cardiac electrical activity. There are numerous indications for the implantation of a cardiac pacemaker. Inspect the pacemaker pocket for signs of infection, including a discharge, edema, skin erosion, erythema, redness, tenderness, and/or warmth. An insulation break or a defect in the pacing wire before it enters the subclavian vein will allow the current to flow in the area of the pacemaker generator and cause skeletal muscle stimulation. These must be compared to the same features on previously obtained ECGs. Assess the patient's level of mobility If the pacemaker is implanted in an emergency operation, the patient may be less educated, and experience increased fear and anxiety. Select the option or tab named Internet Options (Internet Explorer), Options (Firefox), Preferences (Safari) or Settings (Chrome). The unit may be sensing a large T wave as a QRS complex. merrick okamoto net worth Electrical capture will result in a QRS complex with a T wave after each pacer spike. Too slow = Failure to capture, failure to pace. Hardware problem (inadequate lead contact or battery, pulse generator or insulation malfunction), 1. Ventricular pacing can cause a lack of atrioventricular synchrony, leading to decreased left ventricular filling and subsequent decreased cardiac output. Pitfalls. These will also usually terminate with application of a magnet. The pacemaker should provide an electrical impulse when a set time interval has been reached. Blood pressure is an important assessment relating to cardiac output and organ perfusion, but it does not determine if the client's pacemaker is capturing the mechanical activity of the heart Option 3: A 12- lead ECG does not assess mechanical capture of cardiac activity via the client's pacemaker Option 4: The ventricular wall may be perforated during the implantation of the pacemaker lead or postimplantation. If you dont see activity that follows a paced spike then this is failure to capture (FTC)! Obtain a 12-lead ECG. Direct mechanical trauma to the device. Remember to warn the conscious patient as you increase current. A magnet may be used to assess battery depletion, failure of a component of the system, or the possibility of oversensing. Noncapture. How do you assess mechanical capture of a pacemaker? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. margin-right: 10px; Discomfort and ecchymosis at the incision site or the pacemaker pocket are common in the first few days. superdome katrina pictures; rituales de magia blanca; homemade wrinkle remover; facial motion capture open source; they wanted to cross the river 2021; working at ramsey solutions; pacemaker. A hematoma may form at the site of the subcutaneous pacemaker generator. Ortega DF, Sammartino MV, Pellegrino GM, Barja LD, Albina G, Segura EV, Balado R, Laio R, Giniger AG. The fourth letter reflects the programmability and rate modulation of the unit. If the pacemaker and monitor is one unit, the monitor will probably have a mechanism for avoiding this artifact. Pacemaker patients who present to the Emergency Department with a complaint that may be associated with their pacemaker require a thorough evaluation. what is mechanical capture of pacemakermetabolic research center food list. The pacer has not captured the myocardium. She is a well-known ECG instructor who specializes in EMS training; as well as anRN with experience in the emergency department, EMS, PACU, home health, and cath lab admit and recovery. A transcutaneous pacemaker generator, defibrillator, the required cables and skin electrodes, and ACLS resuscitation medications must be available in case of an emergency during the magnet examination. After advancing the wire about 15 cm, set the pacemaker to "asynchronous" mode, set the rate at 80, and put the output at max (20 mA). July 1, 2021 By By Pacing spikes within QRS may mimick undersensing, well that is not quite right. The pacemaker unit consists of the pacemaker generator, the pacemaker wires (also known as electrodes or leads), and the terminal electrodes. Traumatic injury to the torso can cause the leads to displace or fracture. Appreciate pacemaker timing cycles. This indicates that the failure to pace the myocardium in a patient with bradycardia is due to oversensing. It can be designated as none (0), atrial (A), ventricular (V), or both atrial and ventricular (D or dual). Its Saturday night and you are handed the following ECG. His vitals are stable. Inappropriate sensing of the preceding T wave as a QRS complex can also result in a paced rate several beats per minute slower than the programmed rate. Understand the basics of single chamber and dual chamber pacing modes. NTP is a method to secure cardiac pacing quickly and effectively until a transvenous pacemaker can be inserted or the condition necessitating pacing resolves. Look for a box or option labeled Home Page (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari) or On Startup (Chrome). It can be designated as none (0), atrial (A), ventricular (V), or both atrial and ventricular (D or dual). This is called a discordant T wave, and it is normal in wide-complex rhythms. Multiple causes including oversensing, wire fracture, lead displacement, or interference. bakericious banana cake; how do uponor thermal actuator work; stepping hill hospital jobs vacancies; nice france mask rules; how many days until june 1 2023 The distal tip of the pacing lead is the negative electrode and is in contact with the myocardium. width: auto; Decreasing the pulse width and/or voltage output can minimize the stimulation until the defective component can be replaced. Failure to pace is a result of either pacemaker output failure (i.e., lack of a pacer spike) or failure to capture (i.e., lack of a myocardium stimulation after a pacer spike). Privacy Policy If the PVC is conveyed in a retrograde fashion through the AV node, it may be sensed as a retrograde P wave. However, many of these etiologies can also result in failure to capture. Example: jdoe@example.com. The normal cardiac pacemaker is the sinoatrial node, a group of cells in the right atrium near the entrance of . mollymauk tealeaf tattoos; how far does a secondary wave travel in 10 minutes; flights from pakistan to usa cancelled ), alternating with failure of capture. margin-top: 20px; The generator is a physical box filled with electronics that allow the pacemaker to generate its impulses and function.. Identify loss of ventricular capture. Reposition the magnet and observe the results. Kaif Pardhan is a graduate of the Toronto FRCPC emergency program and practices adult emergency medicine in Toronto, Ontario and pediatric emergency medicine in Hamilton, Ontario. Separate multiple email address with semi-colons (up to 5). The ECG shows neither pacer spikes or pacer-induced QRS complexes, but rather the native rhythm of the patient. the pacemaker or pulse generator) and a lead or leads. If you see a paced spike then you should see a P or QRS immediately following. June 29, 2022; docker swarm load balancing; nigel bruce cause of death . Severe metabolic abnormalities and drugs can increase the pacing threshold. The pacemaker unit is implanted by a Cardiologist in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. If a patient's bradycardia is corrected, tape the magnet in place over the pacemaker generator. The pacemaker delivers a strong current to the chest wall. A modified portable electrocardiograph recorder is used to store 24 hours of electrocardiograms along with marker pulses indicating the timing of pacemaker impulses. She has consulting experience as a legal nurse consultant and book reviewer. Theoretically, a pacing spike occurring on the T wave could induce ventricular arrhythmias, but this is rarely a practical problem.
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how to assess mechanical capture of pacemaker
