Includes a market overview and trade data. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. Researchers found however that, since transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance in itself does not affect schooling. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. Challenges of Agricultural Production and Productivity in Ethiopia. "National Statistical Abstract. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. The Ethiopian Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Enterprise, which handled about 75 percent of Ethiopia's exports of fruits and vegetables in 198485, had to receive government subsidies because of losses. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). Washington, DC 20230. Section D. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. <i>Results . Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. Official websites use .gov In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. Abstract and Figures. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. Wubne, Mulatu. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. By 1990 the state had begun to develop large poultry farms, mostly around Addis Ababa, to supply hotels and government institutions. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. This can be attributed to two factors. J. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . [7], By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. [11], The primary motive for the expansion of state farms was the desire to reverse the drop in food production that has continued since the revolution. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. [10] This has raised fears of food being exported to more prosperous countries while the local population faces its own shortage. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . The Blue Nile River. Source: United Nations Comtrade. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. Agriculture. [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. Agro-processing equipment (e.g. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. Forestland, most of it in the southwestern part of the country, accounted for 4 percent of the total land area, according to the government. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. This is a best prospect for Ethiopia. Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. Agriculture in Ethiopia. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . Secure .gov websites use HTTPS fINTENSIVE FARMING. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Agriculture. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Private . In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. "Agriculture" (and subsections). }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences That is why per hectare yield of crop is . Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. [7] Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years.
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characteristics of ethiopian agriculture
