2004;996:8996. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Biomed Environ Sci. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. J Environ Health. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. 2012;25:1828. Cobb et al. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. 2008;86:718. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Qiao et al. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. 2005;161:52635. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. 2004;2004:19. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. 2009;64:2314. Abe M, Bonini NM. Military Medical Research MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. J Natl Cancer Inst. [42] found similar results. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. 1996;93:46938. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. By using this website, you agree to our Dasdag et al. J Mol Neurosci. 1994;8:714. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Technol Cancer Res Treat. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. 1999;9:3438. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. millimeter, or equivalently. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Sci Total Environ. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Article [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. 2006;27:11926. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Google Scholar. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Neurotoxicology. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. J Neuro. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. 2010;86:37683. Int J Radiat Biol. Bioelectromagnetics. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Privacy [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Bioelectromagnetics. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. 2015;148:150. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. 2012;112:1715. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. 2016;53:210011. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Mol Brain Res. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. J Neuro-Oncol. Acta Neurol Belg. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Gene. 2005;130:591600. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. 2007;28:187380. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. eliminating microwave and RF sources. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. 2014;8:63. 2006;165:63644. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Thus, Cosquer et al. 1975;148:1723. Int J Radiat Biol. J Med Food. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. JAMA. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Electromagn Biol Med. Physiol Behav. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. These conclusions are presented in Table2. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. 1984;5:6370. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Cookies policy. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. PubMed Central Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Brain Res Rev. 2006;27:16471. Am J Epidemiol. PubMed PubMed 2015;91:30611. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. 2017;326:291. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Int J Radiat Biol. Sci STKE. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. CAS Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Brain Res. J Natl Cancer Inst. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Article Front Neurosci. Fragopoulou et al. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Neuroreport. 1994;15:95104. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. 2009;158:12639. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Chin J Radiol Med Prot. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Neuroscience. Xiong et al. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. CAS Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. 2001;12:72931. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Google Scholar. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. 2013;23:306. Int J Radiat Biol. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Trends Neurosci. Harris KM. 2004;115:1490505. 1994;10:13548. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Biochem J. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Google Scholar. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Correspondence to 2009;27:556572. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. 2004;155:3743. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Singh et al. Behav Brain Res. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. 2011;107:35661. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Exp Neurobiol. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. 2014;9:e95503. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. 1984;11:4760. Professor, Asst Director at VIT 2015;140:23646. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. 2010;2010. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Dasdag et al. Othman et al. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. 2013;5:5500110. Behav Brain Res. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Vorobyov et al. Article Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Neurobiol Learn Mem. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants.
effect of microwave on human body ppt
