names of families that owned slaves in texas

Before The Guardian interviewed him for the story, he said neither he nor Amy knew that side of their heritage. Mrs. Mary C. Stirling/Sterling, Pointe Coupee (2), Louisiana: 338 slaves. Slavery was a complex institution that varied according to time and place. The collection is organized alphabetically by state, then city where the bank was located, then date the account was established, then account number. White society as a whole in antebellum Texas was dominated by its slaveholding minority. Only one in every four families in antebellum Texas owned slaves, but these slaveholders, especially the planters who held twenty or more slaves, generally constituted the state's wealthiest class. After the Texas Revolution ended in 1836, the Constitution of the Republic of Texas made slavery legal. In fact, at the turn of the 18 th century, Marie Therese was one of the richest ladies in Louisiana. Such documents include censuses, marriage records, and medical records. In 1865, 95% of the enslaved were illiterate.[39]. In the 1830s, the British consul estimated that approximately 500enslaved people had been illegally imported into Texas. John Marshall (17551835), 4th Jerrett Brown of Sumter, Alabama: 540 slaves. Settlements grew and developed more land under cultivation in cotton and other commodities. [27] Other enslaved people joined the Texan forces, with some killed while fighting Mexican soldiers. If they died, the boss did not suffer a monetary loss. Texans worried constantly that the Mexicans were going to free their slaves or at least cause servile insurrection. Most slaves, however, supplemented their basic diet with sweet potatoes, garden vegetables, wild game, and fish and were thus adequately fed. Slaves, however, tended to hear the message of individual equality before God and salvation for all. These tensions came to a head in the Anahuac Disturbances. Slaves were increasing faster than the population as a whole. [54] The drop in proportion of population reflected greatly-increased European immigration to the state in the 19th century, as well as population growth. Dallas, TX At first, the practice involved primarily Apaches; eventually Comanche children were likewise "adopted" as servants. WebLand Records Names & Surnames Slavery & Servitude Claim Listing Sankofagen Wiki run by Karmella Haynes has a list of Arkansas Plantations and Slave Names listed by county, for counties formed prior to 1865. In cases where African Americans registered, their race is specified as "colored." Anderson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Austin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Bastrop County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Bell County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Bexar County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Bosque County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Brazos County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Burleson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Caldwell County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 12, 2), Cass County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Chambers County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Cherokee County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Collin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Cooke County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Dallas County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), DeWitt County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Ellis County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Falls County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Fannin County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Fayette County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Fort Bend County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Freestone County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Galveston County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Gonzales County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Grayson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Guadalupe County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 1), Harris County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 4, 0), Harrison County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 6, 1), Hays County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 0, 1), Hill County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Hopkins County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Houston County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Johnson County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Kaufman County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Lavaca County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Leon County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Madison County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Marion County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Matagorda County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), McLennan County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Milam County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Montgomery County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 5, 0), Nacogdoches County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Navarro County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Nueces County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Panola County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 12, 2), Polk County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Red River County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 4, 0), Rusk County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Sabine County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), San Augustine County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Shelby County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 9, 3), Smith County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Tarrant County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Titus County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Travis County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Tyler County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 3, 0), Upshur County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0), Walker County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0), Washington County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 1, 1), Wharton County, Texas, Slave Owners (0, 2, 0). The British newspaper The Guardian reported this week that Democratic presidential candidate, and former Texas Congressman Beto ORourke, and his wife Amy, are descendants of slave owners. The slave population of Texas from 1850 to 1860 increased from 58,161 to 182,566, bringing the slave population from 27 percent to 30 percent of the state total. In general, Texas slaves continued to work and live as they had before the war. Moreover, once the revolution came, slavery was very much on the minds of those involved. In 1792 there were 34 blacks and 414 mulattos in Spanish Texas, some of whom were free men and women. Leaders of the Mexican nation tended to oppose slavery, in part from revolutionary idealism and in part because slavery was not essential to the new nations economy, and therefore regularly threatened to limit or abolish the institution. They had no property rights themselves and no legal rights of marriage and family. Americans of European extraction and enslaved people contributed greatly to the population growth in the Republic and State of Texas. African Americans immediately started raising legal challenges to disfranchisement, but early Supreme Court cases, such as Giles v. Harris (1903), upheld the states. Slavery was thus a constant source of tension in the lives of slaveholders. Marie Therese Metoyer was born into slavery but died a rich woman. The number likely would have been larger but for the attitude of the Mexican federal and state governments. Despite the fact that Texas was a slave state, however, most Texans did not own slaves. Later they were joined by lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca. Free persons of African descent were required to petition the. An excellent source is the Freedmans Savings and Trust Company (visit the African American Freedman's Savings and Trust Company Records page to learn more). AAGIG@dallasgenealogy.org, "African American Records: Freedmen's Bureau," "African American Heritage,", African American Online Genealogy Records, George Washington Carver Museum and Genealogy Center, Texas State Historical Association: African Americans, The McGowan Funeral Home Records, 1956-1995, The Southern Migration of the Keeton and Chafer Family, Slavery Statutes - Texas: ca. African American Museum, Dallas 3 (Sep., 1898) (pp. The low wages the enslaved person would receive made repayment impossible, and the debt would be inherited, even though no enslaved person would receive wages until age eighteen. Slavery had been theoretically abolished by President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation which proclaimed, in 1863, that only those enslaved in territories that were in rebellion from the United States were free. Thomas Justice 2 11. FS Library 976.4 D3sl, Garrett-Nelson, LaBrenda. They fought bitterly against the disruption of their families by sale or migration and at times virtually forced masters to respect family ties. Texas was a colonial territory, then part of Mexico, later Republic in 1836, and U.S. state in 1845. [1] Estevanico accompanied his enslaver Captain Andrs Dorantes de Carranza on the Narvez expedition, which landed at present-day Tampa. Whites in the area defeated and severely punished them. 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. A survey of Texas in 1834 found that the department of Bexar, which was mostly made up of Tejanos, had exported no goods. Slave plantations were concentrated along the low-lying farmlands of East Texas. [25] The department of Texas, which included the eastern settlements, expected to export 2,000 bales of cotton and 5,000 head of cattle. Slavery in Waco. Marr. East Texas Research Center. 4807 Caroline 3" on the balcony of Ashton Villa: The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. [43] Later newspaper accounts revealed that most of what was confessed under torture appeared to be false. Because of their economic success, these planters represented the social ideal for many other Texans. Jubilee - The end of slavery in America! On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It replaced the pro-Union governor, Sam Houston, in the process. The census in The 1867 Voter Registration includes names of voters who registered in the period between 1867 and 1869. Sugar. [14][15], In 1821 at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence, Texas was included in the new nation. [24], Forty percent of Texas enslaved people lived on plantations along the Gulf Coast and in the East Texas river valleys, where they cultivated cotton, corn, and some sugar. Slave houses were usually small log cabins with fireplaces for cooking. Section 9 of Constitution of the Republic of Texas read in part as follows: All persons of color who were slaves for life previous to their emigration to Texas, and who are now held in bondage, shall remain in the like state of servitude Congress shall pass no laws to prohibit emigrants from bringing their slaves into the republic with them, and holding them by the same tenure by which such slaves were held in the United States; nor shall congress have the power to emancipate slaves; nor shall any slave holder be allowed to emancipate his or her slave without the consent of congress, unless he or she shall send his or her slave or slaves without the limits of the republic. Most slaves, however, were neither loyal servants nor rebels. In the fewer than fifty years between 1821 and 1865, the "Peculiar Institution," as Southerners called it, spread over the eastern two-fifths of the state, an area nearly as large as Alabama and Mississippi combined. Of course, because Texas did not consider itself part of the United States, Lincolns proclamation could have no effect until federal troops gained control of the state. Slavery, During the late 1850s, prime male field hands aged eighteen to thirty cost on the average $1,200, and skilled slaves such as blacksmiths often were valued at more than $2,000. As in other southern states, however, the enslaved people made Christianity their own and they developed strong religious faith. In 1836 Texas had approximately 5,000 enslaved persons in a total population estimated at 38,470. [38] Unlike most southern states, Texas did not explicitly ban education of enslaved people, but most slaveholders did not allow the practice. It is a tough history and its a hard history and its a history that many Americans are not comfortable with, Berry says. FS Library976.4F2bjm 1970 Daina Ramey Berry is a professor of history at the University of Texas at Austin, and says addressing ones lineage of slavery is difficult, but ORourkes response helped bring the issue out into the open. Almost certainly, however, many came to believe that they would be free if the South lost. Voter's registrations are among the few records which document African American males prior to 1870. . 553 0 obj <>stream Before The Guardian interviewed him for the story, he said neither he nor Amy knew that side of their heritage. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. For example, Jared Groce arrived from Alabama in 1822 with ninety slaves and set up a cotton plantation on the Brazos River. In 1792 there were 34 blacks and [11] Anglo-American immigration to the province slowed at this point, with settlers angry about the changing rules. Wood was born into slavery in the early 19th century on a Kentucky farm owned by a man named Moses Tousey, McDaniel writes. Family ties were a source of strength for people enduring bondage and a mark of their humanity, too. Slave clothing was made of cheap, coarse materials; shoes were stiff and rarely fitted. 389-412)Page Count: 24, Texas Runaway Slave Project. There is at least one positive outcome that could come from reckoning with slave-owning family members of the past. endstream endobj startxref The slaves themselves, however, also insisted on family ties. Theirs was apparently a favored position, at least in this regard. WebIn 1845, there were about 30,000 enslaved people in Texas. The slaves were owned by Julien Devereux and used to work an almost 11,000-acre plantation. Welcome to Geni, home of the world's largest family tree. John J. Middleton of Beaufort, South Carolina: 530 slaves. [34], Plantation enslaved people generally lived in one or two-room log cabins. University of Texas (San Antonio). Blacks, however, could not testify against Whites in court, a prohibition that largely negated their constitutional protection. In 1860, the biggest slaveholders were Robert and D.G. In short, from 1821 to 1836, the national government in Mexico City and the state government of Coahuila and Texas often threatened to restrict or destroy African American servitude, but always allowed settlers in Texas a loophole or an exemption. [3] Five years later, in September 1534, they escaped to the interior. These films do not appear to contain the names of former slaves. In the fall of 1835, a group of almost 100enslaved people staged an uprising along the Brazos River after they heard rumors of approaching Mexican troops. Since they politically dominated the state for decades after 1900, the only contest for office was at the primary level. Samuel King 3 7. Texan forces executed one runaway taken prisoner and resold another into slavery. Houston, Texas 77004, African American Genealogical Interest Group White Texans were fearful about revolts, and as in other southern states, rumors of uprisings took hold rapidly, often in times of economic and social tension. Although not considered equals in the tribes, they were generally treated well. "[citation needed], As the Texas Revolution began in 1835, some enslaved people sided with Mexico, which provided for freedom. John Burneside of Ascension, Louisiana: 753 slaves; Saint James: 187 slaves. Sam Houston made illegal importation from Mexico a crime in 1836. 3 Research Strategy. Legally slaves were categorized as chattel (moveable property), but they were men, women and children who clearly despised their condition of servitude. To Anglo-American slave owners slavery was a practical necessity in Texas the only way to grow cotton profitably on its vast areas of fertile land. Many slaves may have escaped such punishment, but every slave lived with the knowledge that he or she could be whipped at his owner's discretion. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. Length of residence (in state, in county, in precinct), General Remarks--race is noted when the registrant was "colored". With reparations legislation on the table, Berry says conversations about slavery in history is fundamental. The white primary was another way to exclude African Americans from making electoral decisions, and it was not overturned by the Supreme Court until 1944 in Smith v. Allwright. [52] By the late 19th century, Texas passed other Jim Crow laws. To Berry, having slave-owning ancestors shouldnt disqualify someone form holding office. hb```f`` a B,@Q 2;8V31o``89N[5Qly$%Np s6,?d4/(qMT%GY &@J@LF!b.n;30g@, g`fgdE:%D,,,?Tgnvcz.8USc`~XL8;0hT]"t AMJ- Cannibalism, Interspecies War: A Novel About Neanderthals And Early Modern Humans, In a Central Texas county, high schoolers are jailed on felony charges for vaping what could be legal hemp, As Texas STAAR test goes fully online, teachers feel defeated, Texas Education Agency projects confidence. Mention is made of Henry being a judge.The following is from Rootsweb: It was Sarah Devereux that kept the plantation producing after Julien's death. accessed March 05, 2023, After slavery, African Americans went on to establish towns in Texas. Planters, for example, being generally satisfied with their lives as slaveholders, were largely unwilling to involve themselves in commerce and industry, even if there was a chance for greater profits. Dennis. [33], Although most enslaved people lived in rural areas, more than 1000 resided in both Galveston and Houston by 1860, with several hundred in other large towns. WebAmerican Slave Narratives - An Online Anthology. WebThe British newspaper The Guardian reported this week that Democratic presidential candidate, and former Texas Congressman Beto ORourke, and his wife Amy, are The greatest concentration of large slave plantations was along the lower Brazos and Colorado rivers in Brazoria, Matagorda, Fort Bend, and Wharton counties. Slave prices inflated rapidly as the institution expanded in Texas. On June 25, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act as unconstitutional,[55] a ruling which was shortly followed the implementation of Voter i.d. Advocates are pushing for legislation to help them. Moreover, individuals with family ties were probably more easily controlled than those who had none. 1836-1864 (10 fiche) FS Library 6118915, Oral Histories Recorded at the Gregory School, African American Freedman's Savings and Trust Company Records, United States, Freedman's Bank Records, 1865-1874, U.S., Freedman's Bank Records, 1865-1871 ($), United States, Freedmen's Bureau Claim Records,1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Hospital and Medical Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Labor Contracts, Indenture and Apprenticeship Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Marriages, 1861-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Ration Records,1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau Records of Persons and Articles Hired, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Freedmen's Court Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Land and Property Records, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Records of Freedmen's Complaints, 1865-1872, United States, Freedmen's Bureau, Records of the Superintendent of Education and of the Division of Education, 1865-1872, United States Freedmen's Bureau Miscellaneous Records,1865-1872, United States Freedmen's Bureau, Records of Freedmen, 1865-1872, African American Freedmen's Bureau Records. Was Section 1325 Of The US Immigration Code Sponsored By A Segregationist Lawmaker? The list below is compiled from the 1860 United States Slave Census Schedule. Andrew J. Torget, Seeds of Empire: Cotton, Slavery, and the Transformation of the Texas Borderlands, 1800-1850 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015). WebWhat percentage of Texas families owned slaves? They had no legally prescribed way to gain freedom. Tyler, Ronnie C. and Lawrence R. Murphy. [9] When some French and Spanish slaveholders moved to Texas, they were allowed to retain their enslaved people. A group of enslaved people killed the sheriff of Gonzales when he attempted to stop their going to Matamoros. It gives the county and location, a description of the house, the number of acres owned, and the number of cabins of former slaves. Join Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. The effect of the institution on the state's general economic development is less clear. 4 Cotton plantations. J. C. Jenkins of Wilkinson, Mississippi: 523 slaves. Online collections of Freedman's Bank records: The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was created by the US government in 1865 until 1872 to assist former slaves in the southern United States. Dirt floors were common, and beds attached to the walls were the only standard furnishings. The governors feared the growth in the Anglo-American population in Texas, and for various reasons, by the early 19th century, they and their superiors in Mexico City disapproved of expanding slavery. P Denwood was a Quaker and in early days often was in trouble with the court as he was suspected of harboring Quakers on their way up to Maryland. This page has been viewed 87,667 times (5,509 via redirect). Handbook of Texas Online, After, ORourke shared his reaction on the blog site. Before being brought to Texas, enslaved persons signed contracts with their masters by which they technically became free but, in return for their "freedom," agreed that they and their children would, in effect, be indentured to the master for life. Every dollar helps. Instead, slaves exercised a degree of agency in their lives by maximizing the time available within the system to maintain physical, psychological and spiritual strength. 42 (June, 1948): 510, 511-12. Other FamilySearch collections not included: More collections are available in the FamilySearch Catalog. Farmers. All slaves had to live with the knowledge that their families could be broken up, and yet the basic social unit survived. The disturbances were resolved through a combination of arms and political maneuvering. [26], The abolition of slavery created tensions between the Mexican government and slave-holding settlers from the United States. [10], When the United States purchased Louisiana in 1803, Spain declared that any enslaved person who crossed the Sabine River into Texas would be automatically freed. [10], In 1823, Mexico forbade the sale or purchase of people, and required that the children of the enslaved be freed when they reached age fourteen. WebAfrican American Resources for Texas. Freedmen Towns [22], By the 1800s, most enslaved people in Texas had been brought by slaveholders from the United States. Congress shall not have the power to emancipate enslaved people. Alfred V. Davis, Concordia, Louisiana: 500+ slaves. A large supply of cheap Mexican labor in the area made the purchase and care of a slave too expensive. Once established as an economic institution, slavery became a key social institution as well. Due to the state laws, he would receive half of the price he had paid. The census for 1840 in Henderson County included 4,662 whites, 466 slaves, 35 free blacks. [37] Urban enslaved people often had greater freedoms and opportunity. Texas was the last frontier of chattel slavery in the United States. [18] A small number of enslaved were imported illegally from the West Indies or Africa. A. Anderson County, Texas, Slave Owners. Schedule No. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS. Ninety percent of the runaways were men, most between ages 20 and 40, because they were best equipped to deal with the long, difficult journey. But Texas was once the site of an illegal racket led by pirates who brought slaves into the state and sold them throughout the United [24], In 1845 the state legislature passed legislation further restricting the rights of free blacks. Field hands generally labored "from sun to sun" five days a week and half a day on Saturday. [19] In 1832, the state passed legislation prohibiting worker contracts from lasting more than tenyears. WebThe 1860 slave schedule was used in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory and Virginia.

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