TreatmentsBlocks12345A101218208B9615187C8514188. Sate religions with professional priesthoods. Used to describe religion. Religions/Anthropology Flashcards | Quizlet Religions/Anthropology Term 1 / 86 What is the primary ethical duty of Khalsa Sikhs? The Hindu doctrine. + sexually egalitarian, Thought of ritual as a performance planned or improvised that effects the transformation life to an alternative context within which the everyday is transformed Anthropological theories of religion are diverse. ", theorized a linear evolution of religion, from animism to polytheism to monotheism, wrote "The Golden Bough" &\begin{array}{rrrrr} \hspace{10pt}\text{Fixed selling and administrative expenses}&\underline{\hspace{25pt}75,000 }&\underline{\hspace{20pt}235,000}\\ That's why we know that religion has been important to all peoples throughout all time. - Durkheim's most influential student, also a pioneer in the pursuit of origins, or grand evolutionary schemes. Some animals are venerated because they are important sources of food and other materials essential to human survival. These are meant to help prepare the participants physically, emotionally, and spiritually to perform the subsequent rituals, as well as to receive the blessings, forgiveness, or powers that other rituals are meant to confer. Ignore the cross product between the real rate of interest and the inflation rate. If the average weekly salary for technical support personnel is $1,100, what is their yearly salary cost for technical support personnel? Seen in Aztecs, Mexico, Africa, Asia, Rome, Greece. 1858-d. 1917) is regarded, alongside Max Weber, as a founder of the discipline of sociology. Found in cultures with diverse religious beliefs. Rites marking transitions between places or stages of life. After reading chapters 1 and 2, can you guess where the author did much of his ethnographic fieldwork? 2. Postcolonial, acculturative religious movements in Melanesia. In such cases, the beneficiary of the ritual will likely pay the officiant, with money or goods, for the rituals performed. \hline \text { Between Groups } & 1034.51 & 2 & 517.26 & 19.86 & 4.49 \mathrm{E}-07 \\ They also function to promote a sense of unity, in which individuals are inspired to support and promote the communal system of behavior. 32. A principle of nonviolence that forbids the killing of animals generally. ), a concept constructed by the human mind that includes a particular set of human beliefs and practices, centered on the questions of when and how religion began, the concept of a simpler, more basic, and more ancient supernatural force, the view of religion as a human construction, more specifically as a construction of those in power, asking questions such as "What does religion do?" The exchange of cultural features when cultures come into continuous firsthand contact. On a very basic level, rituals are an inherent part of living. 2. \text{Loss on sale of land} & 20,000 & \text{Payment of dividends} & 7,400\\ It can subsume or supplant a 'primal' religion 5. Not "imaginary". Journalize the receipt of cash for the maturity value of the note on March 16, Receipt No. Tylor's definition of religion emphasizes, a belief in spiritual or "supernatural" beings, Which of the following is a "type" of religion that anthropologists have studied, Prehistoric religions, ancient religions, Indigenous religions of small scale societies. (typical of the transitional stage. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 86 The quest for justice Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by lizard2025 Terms in this set (86) What is the primary ethical duty of Khalsa Sikhs? List three characteristics of Primal religions, 1. We examine both the macro structure of the way politics emerge from religious conflict, why the distinction between religion and politics holds such force, and the microstructure of the way gods and spirits come to feel real to people. It is confined to a single language or ethnic group Example: Caribbean Voodoo, mix of African, Native American, And Roman catholic saints and deities. the single most influential cultural anthropologist in the United States." He served until his death as professor emeritus at the . Linked to capitalism- more ascetic, entrepreneurial and future oriented. An example of the latter is a ritual of healing, in which a shaman reenacts a past event when a healing occurred or imitates the behavior of a particular spirit whose function it is to dispel disease or disease-causing agents. A prominent french social theorist. It can be tapped into by humans through ritual and experience. According to your chapter, the most likely period in which religion came to be important for prehistoric peoples was the, According to your chapter, the general term for how magic and religion help foster social solidarity while also helping people cope with anxiety about natural phenomena over which they have no control is, Naskapi hunting divination is an example of, The anthropologist most associated with cultural materialist explanations of seemingly mal-adaptive ecological practices is, Which of the following is the best ecological explanation of "pig love" and "pig hate", Pigs are unsuited to the very dry climate of the Middle East, T/F: According to your text, religious beliefs and practices always promote sound environmental practices, The leading theorist associated with the concept that religious symbols transcend cultural and historical concepts was. When the individual who performs a ritual is a commoner or lay person, the ritual is generally a personal one. ; 6 What do anthropological archeologists study? These religious leaders may be one of three different types--priest , shaman , or prophet . Intense feeling of social solidarity, equality and togetherness. Example: Witchcraft accusations- works to reduce differences in wealth. He was interested in a hierarchy of values. the study of human biology and evolution. Elements of the natural world that are often considered to be "natural symbols" include all but which of the following? Essential to Indian cultural adaptation. (hunting vs. working the crops.) - Structuralism All of these might be considered types of religious ritual (saying a formulaic prayer, burning incense at an altar, going on a pilgrimage to a sacred site, exorcising an evil spirit. Most concentrate on one of these, but some combine them. A religious system that assigns different plant and animal species to specific social groups and postulates a relationship between the group and the species formed during the period of creation. What makes the anthropological study of religion different from other approaches? & 4 & 20 & 18 & 18 \\ \text{Contribution margin}&&{\$\hspace{5pt}1,490,000}\\ There is a communal atmosphere and a common experience. Liminality is anti- structural. Lacks written scripture and formal creeds Are revitalization movements. Prepare the cash flows from operating activities section of the statement of cash flows using the indirect method. The key difference between the two social sciences is that sociology concentrates on society while anthropology focuses on culture. 2. Rites of passage are seen as a movement from structure to anti-structure and back again to structure. Needs to be accepted on faith. emphasized summarizing symbols, which represent complex sets of ideas, and elaborating metaphors, including root metaphors and key scenarios, ritual involving the manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature, rituals that are required to be performed, rituals that arise spontaneously, frequently in times of crisis, rituals performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar, rituals performed when a particular need arises, such as a marriage or a death, rituals that attempt to influence or control nature, hunting and gathering rites of intensification, rituals that influence nature in the quest for food, rituals designed to protect the safety of people engaged in dangerous activities, rituals that seek information about the unknown, healing rituals; rituals that deal with illness, accident, and death, rituals that bring about illness, accident, or death, rituals that serve to maintain the normal functioning of a community, rituals that delineate codes of proper behavior and articulate the community's worldview, rituals that accompany changes in an individual's status in society, rituals that focus on the elimination of alien customs and a return to a native way of life, gifts or even bribes, or economic exchange designed to influence the supernatural, the anthropological study of medicinal plants, each position in a series of positions, each one defined in terms of appropriate behavior, rights and obligations, and relationships to one another, the relative placement of each position in the society, a ceremony whereby a male child becomes a member of the Jewish community, the first phase of a rite of passage, in which the individual is removed from his or her former status, the second step in a rite of passage, during which several activities take place that bring about the change in status, the final phase in a rite of passage, during which the individual reenters normal society, though in a new social relationship, the state of ambiguous marginality during which the metamorphisis takes place during a rite of passage, a state in which there is a sense of equality, but the mere fact that a group of individuals is moving through the process together brings about a sense of community and camaraderie, in many traditional societies, the boys who are initiated together and form very close bonds, a specific status defined by age, such as warrior or elder, the removal of the labia minora along with the clitoris, the removal of the entire clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora and the sewing together of the remnants of the labia majora, leaving a small opening for urination and the passing of menstrual blood, an impersonal supernatural force that is found concentrated in special places in the landscape, in particular objects, and in certain people, a characteristic of most symbols: no direct connection with the thing they refer to, the ability to use symbols to refer to things and activities that are remote from the user, the feature of symbols allowing one to create a new symbol, such as a name, to refer to a new object, has a positive meaning such as prosperity and good luck, but most Americans and Europeans looking at it experience anger or dread, any five-sided figure, but generally used to refer to a five-pointed star, the symbol most clearly associated with Christianity, a word that is derived from the first letter of a series of words, a pipe through which a spirit moves from a tomb into a temple sanctuary during rituals, a religious system focusing on expressions of sacred time and space, the fusion of elements from two different cultures, instruments that are struck, shaken, or rubbed, instruments that incorporate a taut membrane or skin, instruments with taut strings that can be plucked or strummed, hit, or sawed, instruments where air is blown across or into some type of passageway, such as a pipe, the manipulation of supernatural power as a direct means of achieving an end, magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things, things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed, assumes there is a causal relationship between things that appear to be similar, based on the premise that things that were once in contact always maintain a connection, the practice of making an image to represent a living person or animal, which can then be killed or injured through doing things to the image, such as sticking pins into the image or burning it, fertility rituals that function to facilitate the successful reproduction of a totem animal, the belief that signs telling of a plant's medical use are somehow embedded within the structure and nature of the plant itself, an oral text that is transmitted without change; the slightest deviation from its traditional form would invalidate the magic, an object in which supernatural power resides, antisocial magic, used to interfere with the economic activities of others and to bring about illness and even death, a perceived revival of pre-Christian religious practices, techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future, involves some type of spiritual experience such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness, usually possession, more magical ways of doing divination, including the reading of natural events as well as the manipulation of oracular devices, refers to a specific device that is used for divination and can refer to inspiration or noninspirational forms, divination that happens without any conscious effort on the part of the individual, divination that someone sets out to do, such as reading tarot cards or examining the liver of a sacrificed animal, refers to divination through contact with the dead or ancestors, fortuitous happenings, or conditions that provide information, reading the path and form of a flight of birds, refers to chance meeting with an animal, such as a black cat crossing one's path, the examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals, the placing of bones in a fire and reading the patterns of burns and cracks to determine a response, the use of flour (as in fortune cookies) for divination, using a forked stick to locate water underground, the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand, the study of the shape and structure of the head, either fortuitous or deliberate, an altered state of consciousness in which a supernatural being (be it an ancestor, a ghost, a spirit, or a god) communicates through an individual, fortuitous in that the prophet receives information through a vision unexpectedly, without any necessary overt action on the part of the individual, the possession of a medium by a spirit who then speaks through the medium, people who undergo deliberate possession involving an overt action whereby the individual falls into a trance, painful and often life-threatening tests that a person who is suspected of guilt may be forced to undergo, such as dipping a hand into hot oil, swallowing poison, or having a red-hot knife blade pressed against some part of the body, the assumption of a causal relationship between celestial phenomenal and terrestrial ones and the influence that the stars and planets have on the lives of human beings, relatively simple forms of magical thinking that represent simple behaviors that directly bring about a simple result, such as carrying a good luck charm, receives his or her power directly from the spirit world; acquires status and abilities, such as healing, through personal communication with the supernatural during shamanic trances or altered states of consciousness, a central vertical axis that links the middle zone, the upper world, and the lower world; allows the movement of the shaman between the realm of the natural and supernatural, a technique of body movements, or magical passes, aiming to increase awareness of the energy fields that humans are made of, "the near universal methods of shamanism without a specific cultural perspective", focused on an individual, as opposed to the community, often as a self-help means of improving one's life; choose to participate and focus on what they consider the positive aspects of shamanism, as opposed to the traditionally recognized "dark side of shamanism", full-time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions that may be linked with kinship groups, communities, or larger political units; given religious authority by those units or by formal religious organizations, participate in activities similar to those of U.S. medical practitioners; may set bones, treat sprains with cold, or administer drugs made from native plants and other materials, specialists in the use of plant and other material as cures; may prescribe the materials to be administered or may provide the material as prescribed by a healer or diviner, someone who practices divination, a series of techniques and activities that are used to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable, a mouthpiece of the gods; communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community and to act as an intermediary between the gods and the people, refers to individuals who have an innate ability to do evil, not depending on ritual to achieve his or her evil ends but simply willing misfortune to occur, a belief in the gratification of one's desires, a new awareness of something that exists in the environment, occurs when a person, using the technology at hand, comes up with a solution to a particular problem, the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another, the process of inventing a new trait through the receiving of an idea of one culture from another, the rapid change experienced by a subordinate culture as traits from a dominant culture are accepted, often at a rate that is too rapid to properly integrate the traits of the dominant culture into the subordinate culture, when the dominated society has changed so much that is has ceased to have its own distinct identity, a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet, at the same time, permit the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form, the dispersion of a people from their homeland, a religious or secular movement to bring about a change in society, manifesting as a result of a reaction to assimilation, develop in societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures is vast; these movements stress the elimination of the dominant culture and a return to the past, keeping the desirable elements of the dominant culture to which the society has been exposed, but with these elements now under the control of the subordinate culture, attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture, based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation, believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society, a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society, a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making. Many of the various types of rituals that can be found in cultures and traditions throughout the world share common themes, patterns, and purpose. A company uses four hours of direct labor to produce a product unit. Your chapter provides several reasons that animals are important as symbols, how do Functionalists see them? The indigenous mind is going to be different than the ethnographer's mind --> There will not always be a single explanation for phenomena + culturally and contextually driven notions In a personal ritual, the beneficiary is generally the person who performs it. Some animals are venerated because they are feared either as predators or as poisonous. \text{Manufacturing margin}&&\$\hspace{5pt}1,570,000\\ A collective effervescence can develop in Religious contexts. Term comes from mount Olympus-home of the Greek gods. Bodies and possessions of Melanesian chiefs were _____. Liminality-limbo between states If the child gains $3 \mathrm{lb}$ while remaining the same height, by how much will the surface area of the child's body increase. Anthropology Religion, Magic and Witchcraft, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Fundamentals of Financial Management, Concise Edition, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. archaeology. T/F: Ritual can be thought of as patterned and formal behavior that communicates some kind of meaning. A few look beyond human nature to that of other animals, for analogues or precursors to religion. Ambiguous social positions. myths almost always start with the phrase " once upon a time". Anthropology of Religion. - Worked in the Andaman Islands -> they had little contact with the outside world On the empirical level, they facilitate individual identity formation while validating and reaffirming the beliefs, values, and social cohesion and stability of the community. Most religious traditions have individuals who are specifically trained and officially authorized to perform such rituals. Sequences of words and actions invented prior to the current performance of the ritual in which they occur. The latter are meant to draw the community into joint participation and expression of acceptance of the beliefs and values being expressed by the ritual. It is a betwixt and between state in which bonds are made with people who you may not have ordinarily made friends with. Purification rituals may also be done on their own as a preparation for most everyday activities, from eating to working to sleeping. Anthropology of religion is the study of religion in relation to other social institutions and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. Earliest form of religion, belief in spiritual beings. - Universality in religion, humans naturally face toward the rising sun A good example of the difference can be seen in the communion bread and wine preparatory rituals in Christian churches. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a myth? These rituals have often been labeled magic by outsiders to the traditions in which they exist. the study of people who are known only from their physical and cultural remains. Your chapter provides several reasons that animals are important as symbols, how do Emotionalists see them? More science=less animism. She is able to obtain forecasted returns for the three securities for the years 2015 through 2021. It is universal, or has universal potential For boys to become men they must endure the bit of the bullet ant. The body is a complex system, and the functions of its various parts can be a source for symbols for other complex processes in society. - The great mother's menstrual blood is gold (the sacred life blood of the earth) Terms in this set (210) anthropology. They typically integrate the rituals into their daily lives, along with eating, working, and so forth. \text{Net income} & \$\hspace{5pt}38,000 & \text{Depreciation expense} & \$ 13,000\\ -Concepts like "Heaven " "Hell " or even "prayer . As of early 2015, The Netherlands, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, Argentina, Denmark, Brazil . It is highly visible and, in the words of Raymond T. Firth (1995:214), represents "a massive output of human enterprise." Religious beliefs and are an enduring tribute to humankind's nearly infinite resourcefulness and adaptability in coping with the problems of daily life. - First method and still the standard "rule of thumb", - Refers to circular relationships between cause and effect. Your chapter provides several reasons that animals are important as symbols, how do Structuralists see them? An example that is most defined in Western culture is in Judaism and Christianity, God has given human feelings of anger and jealousy or compassion and forgiveness. They function to transition youth from a state of relative freedom and social powerlessness to one of increased power, as well as increased social and familial responsibility. 1. Once completed, it is followed by more rituals, and they conclude by sweeping up all the colored sand into an urn. It focused on the functions of culture traits and practices in maintaining a stable order in society. The kinds of questions ethnographers ask are structured so as to construct the kind of model of society that male informants are most likely to provide Some cultures tend to be outer orientated (outside the domestic sphere) , while others were inner oriented (inside the domestic sphere). T/F: Many anthropologists have argued that there is a relationship between the emergence of monotheism and the increasing social and political complexity of certain pre-historic societies. Diminished role of priests, salvation is directly available to individuals. It is now understood as one of the causes of irrational trade-offs in decision making, the reconciliation of God and humankind through Jesus Christ, the act of giving one tenth of one's income to the church, pre-Christian religious traditions that have been revived and are practiced in contemporary times, a new group considered mainstream, yet differs on just a few points from the mainstream religion, the preferred term for the term "cult" to avoid confusion and negative connotations, at the far end of the continuum from mainstream religions to denominations and sects, the result of societal conditions such as lowered life expectancy in lower socioeconomic classes, a society's way of justifying structural violence and making it seem natural, a sense of identification with and loyalty to one nation above all others, originally used to refer to the opponents of liberal Protestantism who were urging a return to the "fundamentals" of Christianity as a way to guide those whom they believed had lost their way A few look beyond human nature to that of other animals, for analogues or precursors to religion. The founder of the anthropology of religion. prayers to request the forgiveness of sins. It often forms a separate sphere of activity, - Many cultures -> right is sacred and left is profane Seen today in states and Universities, sports teams, and political parties. Groups of people have particular _____. Belief in souls or doubles (two entities inhabit the body, day and night-double soul). Address how such orientations are normally determined. Why is depreciation added back to cash flow? Describe two things wrong with the design of this study. -An ecofeminism and witch -> interest in the Goddess, ecology, and the women's movement go hand in hand, -Argued that a defining characteristic of human societies is that they are engaged in a process of generating and sustaining systems of meaning that enable them to transcend the most basic, natural limits of existence. A form of social control. Custom that brings standouts back in line with community norms. He asks volunteers from his third-period class to report the number of nightmares they had last week. 3. Use = 5 .05 to test for any significant differences. Some rituals are seen to have little actual power, while others are believed to be highly efficacious. One important characteristic of ritual is that it always has religious overtones. Seen in chiefdoms and archaic states. Use manure to fertilize their fields. - Functionalism based on the society. The more indigenous and traditional a religion, the more its rituals are presentational. Abnormal consciousness ideas for the emergence of religion, Ways of explaining religion as a response to the accidental use of psychedelic plants by pre-historic peoples, Ritual theories for the emergence of religion, Behaviors predated beliefs and religion emerged as a result of these behaviors. 5. \end{array} Rejecting the modern for a presumed earlier, purer, better way. Includes spells, formulas, and incantations used with deities or with impersonal forces. Which of the following is not an example of a difference between how indigenous peoples view religion and how Westerners view religion? Instead, it suggests that a myth's emphasis on setting up and then resolving conflicts reflects the binary structure of the mind and of human thought. It is designed to help you learn the material. Whatever is done to an object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it. The more common elements and themes are discussed below. Christianity originated as a ____ ____, Jesus was one of several prophets. Most people who do personal rituals do so as part of a regular adherence to religious beliefs. African traditions remain strong, also strong Christian origins They mediate and signify changes in individuals lives, conferring on them identity and status in their communities, taking them from one state of physical and social being to a greater one. Can be animals, plants or geographic feathers. Communitas describes the unstructured, egalitarian, human relatedness.
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religion anthropology quizlet
